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Increasing security of supply for critical medical and pharmaceutical goods in the EU: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
This Briefing Paper examines the resilience of the medical product and pharmaceutical global value chains. Based on this assessment, policy recommendations are presented to increase supply security, including measures to improve the resilience of supply chains, and to expand stockpiling. We also highlight that industrial policy measures to promote reshoring should play a more important role, and [...]
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Skills for Green and Just Transitions. Reflecting on the role of Vocational Education and Training for Sustainable Development.
The human capability to learn is widely regarded as one of the most important resources for achieving a sustainable society. Yet, traditional institutions of learning are lagging behind in transmitting such kind of transformative skills. In particular, the role of Vocational Education and Training (VET) is often limited to providing technical skills for greener economies. But will this suffice or [...]
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The long journey towards Pan-African integration: The African Continental Free Trade Area and its challenges
As of 2021, African countries started to trade under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement, which encompasses an extensive agenda. It is , however, only one step in the long-term integration process on the African continent, and impact of the AfCFTA remains uncertain depending on various factors. In this ÖFSE Briefing Paper, we (i) present the state of play in the AfCFTA [...]
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COVID-19 and the failure of pharmaceutical innovation for the Global South: The example of "neglected diseases" and emerging infectious diseases
The debate over lack of access to COVID-19 vaccines for countries in the Global South joins a long history of struggle for effective and affordable treatments for those diseases for which the World Health Organization uses the telling adjective "neglected." Empirical evidence shows that the pharmaceutical innovation system has failed broadly in this area. The same applies to the category of new [...]
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COVID-19 und das Versagen pharmazeutischer Innovation für den Globalen Süden: Das Beispiel der „vernachlässigten Krankheiten“ und der Neuen Infektionskrankheiten
Die Debatte um den mangelnden Zugang zu COVID-19-Impfstoffen für die Länder des Globalen Südens reiht sich ein in eine lange Geschichte des Kampfs um effektive und leistbare Behandlungen für jene Krankheiten, für die von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation das bezeichnende Adjektiv „vernachlässigt“ verwendet wird. Die empirische Evidenz zeigt, dass das pharmazeutische Innovationssystem hier [...]
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Hard facts and envIRONmental impacts
Iron and steel are key materials for industrial production – the extraction of iron ore has almost tripled in the past 20 years. The sector is highly concentrated: Half of global iron ore extraction takes place in two countries (Australia and Brazil), two-thirds of the iron ore exports are controlled by four companies, and one country, namely China, accounts for more than half of global steel [...]